Mastering CAT Modern Math is easier when you understand the core concepts behind every question. The key topics in modern maths for CAT 2025 include permutations and combinations (PnC), probability, and set theory, which are used to solve problems related to counting, arrangements, distributions, and logical relationships in arithmetic and algebra. This article breaks down these essential concepts to help aspirants practice smarter, learn important CAT tricks for modern maths, and confidently tackle CAT quantitative aptitude problems based on PnC, probability, and sets.
This Story also Contains
Why Modern Math is necessary for CAT
Concept 1: Permutation and Combination
Concept 2: Selection & Grouping in Probability
Concept 3: Sets and Venn diagram
How These 3 Concepts Cover All Modern Math Questions
Strategy to Master Modern Math for CAT
Common Pitfalls & How to Avoid Them
CAT 2025 Preparation Resources by Careers360
Master CAT 2025 Modern Math: Permutations, Probability & Sets Made Simple
Why Modern Math is necessary for CAT
Modern maths is necessary for CAT 2025 although the topics under modern maths are not high-priority topics, as you can find 1 - 2 questions from it. These concepts form more complex problems in integration with the other topics like Arithmetic, Algebra, Number system, and Geometry. So, it becomes necessary to learn CAT modern maths.
For example:
To find the number of diagonals in regular polygon of n – sides, we use the concept of combination.
Number of diagonals in n-sided polygon = $^nC_2-n$
Weightage of Modern maths in CAT over the years:
It is important to understand the CAT Quantitative Aptitude weightage of each topic in past 4 to 5 years of the CAT exam to kick start our preparation for CAT.
S. No.
Year
Slot
Permutation and Combination
Probability
Sets
Total
1
2020
1
0
0
0
0
2
2020
2
0
0
0
0
3
2020
3
0
0
0
0
4
2021
1
1
0
0
1
5
2021
2
1
0
0
1
6
2021
3
1
0
0
1
7
2022
1
1
0
1
2
8
2022
2
1
0
0
1
9
2022
3
0
0
0
0
10
2023
1
0
0
0
0
11
2023
2
0
0
0
0
12
2023
3
0
0
0
0
13
2024
1
1
0
0
1
14
2024
2
0
0
0
0
15
2024
3
0
0
0
0
Why mastering modern math gives an edge
Questions from modern maths do not appear in bulk but still preparing it for CAT will give an edge. Advantages of preparing modern maths can be understood by following points:
The questions form modern maths topics like permutation and combination, are often formula based and direct.
Questions are conceptual but simple.
Modern topics like sets and probability are useful for LR DI questions. You can find use of Venn diagrams while solving the questions of Data Interpretation.
Preparing modern maths can give you an advantage because most of the aspirants focus on high priority topics like algebra and arithmetic. So, preparing modern maths along with these topics give you an edge.
CAT Modern maths questions boost your accuracy.
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Modern maths is not separate; it is just the extension of arithmetic and algebra with some new logics. It is important for us to know the interlinking of topics for CAT modern math preparation.
Set Theory & Venn Diagrams:
Set theory just does systematic counting. Representing the values in Venn diagram to find the desired value, can be represented by linear equations (Algebra).
It also uses the concept of percentage (Arithmetic).
Permutation & Combination:
Permutation and combination are fundamentally counting-based Arithmetic ie. Principle of addition and principle of multiplication.
Also, factorial simplification and binomial expansion are parts of Algebra which are used in PnC.
Probability:
What we do in probability is just the comparing with probable outcomes with total outcomes. It is equivalent to finding the ratios of two counts.
The most fundamental application of mathematics is counting. There are many natural methods used for counting. In this section, we are dealing with various known techniques those are much faster than the usual counting methods and useful for CAT questions.
The fundamental principle of counting is used to determine the total number of possible outcomes in a situation out of multiple independent events.
Let us understand this with a simple example:
Suppose you have two shirts ($A_1, A_2$) and three pairs of trousers ($B_1, B_2, B_3$), the question is in how many ways, you can dress yourself?
In this case, you are required to choose 1 shirt and 1 pair of trousers (Both are required). So, the possible combinations are $A_1B_1, A_1B_2, A_1B_3, A_2B_1, A_2B_2, A_2B_3$.
This is the fundamental principle of multiplication.
The formula: If you want to select 1 from n and 1 from m, then total number of combinations = $^nC_1 \times ^mC_1 = n \times m$
Suppose you have two pairs of shoes ($A_1, A_2$) and three pairs of slippers ($B_1, B_2, B_3$), the question is in how many ways, you can wear your footwear?
In this case, you are required to choose either 1 pair of shoes or 1 pair of slippers. So, the possible selections are $A_1, A_2, B_1, B_2, B_3$.
This is the fundamental principle of addition.
The formula: If you want to select 1 from n or 1 from m, then total number of selections = $^nC_1 + ^mC_1=n +m$
Permutations and Combinations:
How can we differentiate between Permutation and Combinations?
Combinations are used when we want to select r objects from n objects. (Selection only)
Total number of combinations = $^nC_r= \frac{n!}{(n-r)!r!}$
Permutations are used when we want to arrange r objects from n objects at r places. (Selection + Arrangement)
Total number of permutations = $^nP_r= \frac{n!}{(n-r)!}$
The Important Formulas and Concepts of Permutations and Combinations:
Concept
Formula
Number of permutations (or arrangements) of n different things taken all at a time
n!
Number of permutations of n things out of which P1 are alike and are of one type, P2 are alike and are of a second type and P3 are alike and are of a third type and the rest are all different
$\frac{n!}{(p_1)!(p_2)(p_3)}$
Number of selections of r things out of n identical things
1
Total number of selections of zero or more things out of k identical things
k + 1
Total number of selections of zero or more things out of n different things
$2^n$
Number of ways of distributing n identical things among r persons when each person may get any number of things
$^{n+r-1}C_{r-1}$
The total number of ways in which 0 to n things can be selected out of n things such that p are of one type, q are of another type and the balance r of different types is given by
(p + 1)(q + 1)(2r– 1)
Total number of ways of taking some or all out of p + q + r things such that p are of one type and q are of another type and r of a third type
(p + 1)(q + 1)(r + 1) – 1
Number of ways of arranging n people on a circular track (circular arrangement)
(n – 1)!
Permutations and Combinations Practice Questions for CAT:
Question 1: How many numbers between 10 and 10,000 can be formed by using the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 if
(i) No digit is repeated in any number.
(ii) Digits can be repeated.
Solution: (i) Number of two-digit numbers = 5 × 4 = 20
Number of three-digit numbers = 5 × 4 × 3 = 60
Number of four-digit numbers = 5 × 4 × 3 × 2 = 120
Total = 200
(ii) Number of two-digit numbers = 5 × 5 = 25
Number of three-digit numbers = 5 × 5 × 5 = 125
Number of four-digit numbers = 5 × 5 × 5 × 5 = 625
Total = 775
Question 2: How many three-digit numbers can be formed using the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, without repetition of digits?
How many of these are even?
Solution: Three places are to be filled with 5 different objects.
Number of ways = $^5P_3 = 5 × 4 × 3 = 60$
For the 2nd part, unit digit can be filled in two ways & the remaining two digits can be filled
in $^4P_2=12$ ways.
Number of even numbers = 2 × 12 = 24.
Question 3: There are fifteen players for a cricket match.
(i) In how many ways the 11 players can be selected?
(ii) In how many ways the 11 players can be selected including a particular player?
(iii) In how many ways the 11 players can be selected excluding two particular players?
Solution: (i) 11 players are to be selected from 15
Number of ways = $^15C_11 = 1365$.
(ii) Since one player is already included, we have to select 10 from the remaining 14
Number of ways = $^14C_10 = 1001$.
(iii) Since two players are to be excluded, we have to select 11 from the remaining 13.
Number of ways = $^13C_11 = 78$.
Concept 2: Selection & Grouping in Probability
Probability in CAT constitutes the questions based on basic formula, binomial, and conditional probability. These questions use the concept of election and grouping.
Probability is the logic of uncertainty and randomness. Uncertainty in an event and randomness of an event is a part our daily life. So, it becomes more interesting to understand probability.
How grouping, selection, and distribution link to probability?
Grouping, selection, and distribution are integrated part of probability as to describe the likely events or outcomes within a group, we use concept of selection and grouping (Combinations).
Total outcomes is a defined set, which we calculate using the concept of combinations
[Selecting r from n]. Probability determines the chance of a specific selection.
Important Formulas and Concepts on Probability:
1. Random Experiment
If all the possible outcomes of an experiment are known but the exact output cannot be predicted in advance, that experiment is called a random experiment.
Examples
(i) Tossing of a fair coin
When we toss a coin, the outcome will be either Head (H) or Tail (T)
(ii) Throwing an unbiased die
Die is a small cube used in games. It has six faces and each of the six faces shows a different number of dots from 1 to 6. Plural of die is dice.
When a die is thrown or rolled, the outcome is the number that appears on its upper face and it is a random integer from one to six, each value being equally likely.
(iii) Drawing a card from a pack of shuffled cards
A pack or deck of playing cards has 52 cards which are divided into four categories as given below
a. Spades (♠) [Black: Total = 13, 9 number cards numbered from 2 to 10, 4 honour card: an Ace, a King, a Queen and a jack]
b. Clubs (♣) [Black: Total = 13, 9 number cards numbered from 2 to 10, 4 honour card: an Ace, a King, a Queen and a jack]
c. Hearts (♥) [Red: Total = 13, 9 number cards numbered from 2 to 10, 4 honour card: an Ace, a King, a Queen and a jack]
d. Diamonds (♦) [Red: Total = 13, 9 number cards numbered from 2 to 10, 4 honour card: an Ace, a King, a Queen and a jack]
Kings, Queens and Jacks are called face cards
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Sample Space is the set of all possible outcomes of an experiment. It is denoted by S.
Examples
(i) When a coin is tossed, S = {H, T} where H = Head and T = Tail
(ii) When a dice is thrown, S = {1, 2 , 3, 4, 5, 6}
(iii) When two coins are tossed, S = {HH, HT, TH, TT} where H = Head and T = Tail
3. Event
Any subset of a Sample Space is an event. Events are generally denoted by capital letters A, B, C, D etc.
Examples
(i) When a coin is tossed, outcome of getting head or tail is an event
(ii) When a die is rolled, outcome of getting 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6 is an event
4. Equally Likely Events
Events are said to be equally likely if there is no preference for a particular event over the other.
Examples
(i) When a coin is tossed, Head (H) or Tail is equally likely to occur.
(ii) When a dice is thrown, all the six faces (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) are equally likely to occur.
5. Mutually Exclusive Events
Two or more than two events are said to be mutually exclusive if the occurrence of one of the events excludes the occurrence of the other.
This can be better illustrated with the following examples
(i) When a coin is tossed, we get either Head or Tail. Head and Tail cannot come simultaneously. Hence occurrence of Head and Tail are mutually exclusive events.
(ii) When a die is rolled, we get 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6. All these faces cannot come simultaneously. Hence occurrences of
6. Independent Events
Events can be said to be independent if the occurrence or non-occurrence of one event does
not influence the occurrence or non-occurrence of the other.
Example: When a coin is tossed twice, the event of getting Tail(T) in the first toss and the event of getting Tail(T) in the second toss are independent events. This is because the occurrence of getting Tail(T) in any toss does not influence the occurrence of getting Tail(T) in the other toss.
7. Exhaustive Events
Exhaustive Event is the total number of all possible outcomes of an experiment.
Examples:
(i) When a coin is tossed, we get either Head or Tail. Hence there are 2 exhaustive events.
(ii) When two coins are tossed, the possible outcomes are (H, H), (H, T), (T, H), (T, T). Hence there are 4 (= 22) exhaustive events.
(iii) When a dice is thrown, we get 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6. Hence there are 6 exhaustive events.
8. Algebra of Events
Let A and B are two events with sample space S. Then
(i) A ∪ B is the event that either A or B or Both occur. (i.e., at least one of A or B occurs)
(ii) A ∩ B is the event that both A and B occur
(iii) is the event that A does not occur
(iv) is the event that none of A and B occurs
Example: Consider a die is thrown, A be the event of getting 2 or 4 or 6 and B be the event of getting 4 or 5 or 6. Then
A = {2, 4, 6} and B = {4, 5, 6}
A ∪ B = {2, 4, 5, 6}
A ∩ B = {4, 6}
Concept
Formula
Probability of sample space
P(S) = 1
Let A and B be two events associated with a random experiment
P(A U B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)
If A and B are mutually exclusive events, then P(A U B) = P(A) + P(B) because for mutually exclusive events, P(A ∩ B) = 0
If A and B are two independent events, then
P(A ∩ B) = P(A).P(B)
Let E be an event associated with a random experiment. Let x outcomes are favourable to E and y outcomes are not favourable to E, then
Odds in favour of E are x/y and
Odds against E are y/x
A binomial experiment is a probability experiment which satisfies the following requirements.
1. Each trial can have only two outcomes. These outcomes can be considered as either success or failure.
2. There must be a fixed number of trials.
3. The outcomes of each trial must be independent of each other.
4. The probability of a success must remain the same for each trial.
In a binomial experiment, the probability of achieving exactly r successes in n trials can be given by
P (r successes in n trials) = $^nC_r \times p^r \times q^{n-r}$
In CAT, direct questions are not generally asked from Sets but this topic has importance in the questions of percentage, data interpretation, function, and other related topics.
In this section, we are going to discuss some important concepts related to set.
A set is a well-defined collection of elements. By well-defined elements it means that given a set and an element, it must be possible to decide whether or not the element belongs to the set.
How the sets are represented?
Sets are represented in two ways:
1. Roaster Form:
A set is described by listing elements, separated by commas, within brackets.
For example: Set of all prime numbers less than 20
A = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19}
2. Set Builder Form:
A set can also be described by a characterizing property of the elements in the set.
For example: Set of all prime numbers less than 20
A = {x: x is a prime number less than 20}
Important concepts regarding sets:
Subset:
If every element of A is contained in B, then A is called the subset of B.
If A is subset of B, we write A ⊂ B, which is read as "A is a subset of B".
Null set:
Null set contains no elements, represented by ø or { }.
Power Set:
The set of subsets of a set is the power set of the set. If A is a set, then its Power set is denoted as P(A).
If A = {a, b, c}, then P(A) = {φ, {a}, {b}, {c}, {a, b}, {a, c}, {b, c}, {a, b, c}}
Universal Set:
In any discussion in theory, there happens to be a set U that contains all sets under consideration. Such a set is called the universal set.
For example, in plane geometry the set of all points in the plane is the universal set.
Operations on Sets:
Union of Sets
The union of two sets A and B contains all the elements present in set A or in set B.
So, A U B = {x | x ∈ A or x ∈ B}
For example:
A = {5, 7, 8, 9, 11} and B = {7, 8, 12, 14} then
A U B = {5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14}
Intersection of Sets
The intersection of two sets A and B contains only common elements present in set A or in set B.
So, A ∩ B = {x | x ∈ A and x ∈ B}
For example:
A = {5, 7, 8, 9, 11} and B = {7, 8, 12, 14} then
A ∩ B = {7, 8}
Difference of sets
A – B is the difference of set A from set B and is defined as the set of elements
present in set A but not in set B.
So, A – B = {x | x ∈ A and x ∉ B}
For example:
A = {5, 7, 8, 9, 11} and B = {7, 8, 12, 14} then
A - B = {5, 9, 11}
Complement of a set
The complement of set A in U the set of those elements which are present in Universal set but not present in
set A. Compliment of A is denoted by A'.
So, A‘= {x | x ∈ U and x ∉ A}
For example:
A = {5, 7, 8, 9, 11} and U = {5, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14} then
A’ = {12, 14}
Concept of Venn diagram
Sets can be represented with the help of pictorial diagram using Venn diagram. Circles are used to represent the sets; common part of two intersecting circles represents the common elements of two sets. We generally use a rectangle to represent the universal set.
Example:
1.
Shaded portion = A’ = compliment of A
2.
Shaded portion = A U B
3.
Shaded portion = A ∩ B
4.
AB
Shaded part = A – B
Sets and Venn diagram Practice Questions for CAT:
Question 1: In a certain city only two newspapers A & B are published. It is known that 25% of the city population reads A & 20% read B while 8% read both A & B. It is also known that 30% of those who read A but not B, look into advertisements and 40% of those who read B but not A, look into advertisements while 50% of those who read both A & B look into advertisements. What % of the population reads an advertisement?
Solution:
Let A & B denote sets of people who read paper A & paper B respectively and in all there are 100 people, then n(A) = 25, n(B) = 20, n (A ∩ B) = 8.
Hence the people who read paper A only i.e. n(A – B) = n (A) – n(A ∩ B) = 25 – 8 = 17.
And the people who read paper B only i.e. n(B – A) = n (B) – n (A ∩ B) = 20 – 8 = 12.
Now percentage of people reading an advertisement
= [(30% of 17) + (40% of + 12) + (50% of 8)]% = 13.9 %.
Question 2: In a prestigious business institute in north India, there are three specializations in business course and a student is can choose as many specializations as he wants. These specializations are Finance, Marketing and HRD. If 120 students specialize in Finance, 110 in Marketing and 125 are in HRD. 90 students have finance and Marketing both as their specialization, 85 have marketing and HRD while 80 have both finance and HRD. What can be the minimum and maximum number of students who can specialization in all the three fields?
Solution: Based on information given in the question, we can draw following Venn diagram
To find the minimum value of x, we have x – 65 ≥ 0 ⇒ x ≥ 65
And for maximum value of x, we have 80 – x ≥ 0 ⇒ x ≤ 80
Hence 65 ≤ x ≤ 80. So, we have the range of the values that can be the required solution.
How These 3 Concepts Cover All Modern Math Questions
CAT Preparation Strategy involves continuous practice and revision of key concepts. Here’s a step-by-step strategy to master Modern Math for CAT covering topics like Permutations & Combinations, Probability, Set Theory, and Functions. You need to create a CAT preparation time table to prepare modern maths for CAT and then follow the given steps.
Step 1: Build strong foundation, conceptual knowledge of each topic.
Step 2: Focus on logic before formulae.
Step 3: Understand the interlinking of modern maths topics with the other section of Quantitative Aptitude like arithmetic, algebra etc.
Also, understand how the questions will form using the integration of these questions and practice accordingly.
Step 4: Prioritize high yield topics according to last 5 years trend.
Step 5: Solve NCERT questions to build concepts.
Step 6: Practice with previous year CAT questions.
Step 7: Practice mock tests and analyse them to manage your time, accuracy, and speed.
Common Pitfalls & How to Avoid Them
In this section we are dealing with the common mistakes, a student does often make while preparing for CAT and attempting questions during exam. Also, you should know how to tackle them.
Common Mistakes
How to tackle
Memorizing formulas without logic
Do not learn direct formulas without knowing the concept because small variation in question may lead you to the wrong answer if you don’t know the logic behind it. Learn the logic first and then memorise the formula by using that in CAT type questions.
Confusion between arrangements and selections
Sometimes students get confused which concept is to be used: Combination or Permutation
If grouping or selection is required, use combination.
If after selection, arrangement also required, then permutation is to be used.
Mistakes in writing the solution sets
Here you should understand which bracket is to be used to represent the solution set.
A ϵ {1, 2, 3}, it means A can have three values 1, 2, and 3 only.
A = [1, 9], it means A can be any real number between 1 to 9 including 1 and 9.
A = (1, 9), it means A can be any real number between 1 to 9 excluding 1 and 9.
A = (1, 9], it means A can be any real number between 1 to 9 including 9 but excluding 1.
A = [1, 9), it means A can be any real number between 1 to 9 including 1 but excluding 9.
Not practicing enough CAT-level questions.
Since the modern maths is not high weightage section, student often avoiding enough practice on CAT level question from this topic. You should solve enough CAT level questions which helps you to understand the pattern of integrated questions with other topics.
Best books and online resources for Modern Maths CAT prep
1. NCERT Mathematics Class 11 and 12 2. How to prepare quantitative Aptitude for CAT by Arun Sharma. 3. Quantitative Aptitude for CAT by Nishit K Sinha
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Making a second payment could cause a double debit, which is difficult to get a refund for. You should:
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The CAT 2025 exam is a national-level MBA entrance test for IIMs and top B-schools in India. It will be held on 30th November 2025 in computer-based mode across ~170 cities.
The registration is open from 1st August to 13th September 2025 on
iimcat.ac.in
.
Admit cards will be available from 5th November 2025 onward.
Graduates with at least 50 marks (45 for SC/ST/PwD) are eligible to apply.
The exam tests English, Reasoning, and Quantitative Aptitude in three timed sections.
M/s Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited, one of the top four audit and accounting firms in the world with headquarters at London, UK, and with an operational presence in 153 countries, hires Management Trainees (MT) from all the premier management institutes of India thrice every year, in the months of January, May and September.
Each new group of Management Trainees (MT) have to go through a four month rigorous training schedule, after which they have to pass through a test consisting of a written assessment and a case-analysis. The top hundred ranked Management Trainees (MT) based on the performance in the test are confirmed as Management Executives (ME). The rest are given the opportunity of undergoing the training for four months one more time along with the next batch of Management Trainees (MT) and then passing through the subsequent test consisting of the written assessment and case-analysis. The Management Trainee (MT) who fails to get confirmed as a Management Executive (ME) the second time is fired.
The scatter-graph below depicts the number of Management Trainees (MT) at Deloitte taking the tests from January 2020 till May 2022, and the vis-à-vis hired Management Trainees (MT) at Deloitte who were fired :
It is also known that for the month of September 2019 at Deloitte, 96 hired Management Trainees (MT) failed to be confirmed as a Management Executive (ME) the first time, and that 36 hired Management Trainees (MT) were fired.
Question :
In which test did the minimum number of Management Trainees (MT) get confirmed as a Management Executive (ME) in the second attempt ?
Two friends Moloy and Niloy passed out from the Purulia Institute of Science and Technology with B.Tech degrees in Mechanical Engineering, but even after a year placement was hard to find. So they decided to take the challenge head-on, came down to Kolkata, rented a garage space on Park Street, and having an affinity towards making people enjoy good food, started their firm named 'B.Tech Bread-Omlette Wala'.
They started with three items on the menu. One was the French Toast which could be prepared in 3 minutes. The second was the Egg Tortillas which took 15 minutes to prepare. Any one of Moloy and Niloy could prepare any one of them at a time. The third was the Egg Bhurji with French Fries. This however was prepared on an automated fryer which could prepare 3 servings at a time and took 5 minutes irrespective of the number of servings equal to or below 3. The fryer did not need anyone to attend to it, and the time to put in the raw ingredients could be neglected. So one could tend to the preparation of other items while the Egg Bhurji with French Fries were being prepared.
They wanted to serve the orders as early as possible after the order was given. The individual items in any order were served as and when all the items were ready, and the order was then considered closed. None of the items on the menu were prepared in advance in anticipation of future orders.
On the first day, 3 groups of customers came in and ordered at 6.00 pm, 6.10 pm, and 6.13 pm. The first order was for a plate of Egg Tortillas, two plates of French Toast, and three plates of Egg Bhurji with French Fries. The second order was for a plate of French Toast and two plates of Egg Bhurji with French Fries. The third order was for a plate of Egg Tortilla and a plate of Egg Bhurji with French Fries.
On the backdrop of the above information answer the questions given :
Question:
Assuming that the next customer's order could only be attended to when the previous customer's order was closed, at what time would the first customer's order be considered closed ?
Six sticks of equal lengths were kept in the vertical position in an empty flower-vase, to be arranged at the six corners of a regular hexagon. The two ends of each of the sticks were of different colours.
The top ends of the sticks were one of each of the following colours – Red, Cyan, Pink, Brown, Black and Green. The bottom ends were one of each of the following colours – Blue, Yellow, White, Orange, Purple and Grey. Both the sets of colours mentioned were in no particular order.
It was also known that :
a) The stick with the red colour was opposite to the stick with the blue colour
b) There were exactly two sticks whose both ends had colours whose names started with the same letter
c) The stick with the grey colour was adjacent to the stick with the white colour
d) The stick with the cyan colour was adjacent to both the sticks with the brown colour and the one with the blue colour
e) The stick with the purple colour was adjacent to both the sticks with the grey colour and the one with the green colour
f) The stick with the white colour was opposite to the stick with the green colour
Question :
What was the colour of the bottom end of the stick having brown colour at the top end ?
Two friends Moloy and Niloy passed out from the Purulia Institute of Science and Technology with B.Tech degrees in Mechanical Engineering, but even after a year placement was hard to find. So they decided to take the challenge head-on, came down to Kolkata, rented a garage space on Park Street, and having an affinity towards making people enjoy good food, started their firm named 'B.Tech Bread-Omlette Wala'.
They started with three items on the menu. One was the French Toast which could be prepared in 3 minutes. The second was the Egg Tortillas which took 15 minutes to prepare. Any one of Moloy and Niloy could prepare any one of them at a time. The third was the Egg Bhurji with French Fries. This however was prepared on an automated fryer which could prepare 3 servings at a time and took 5 minutes irrespective of the number of servings equal to or below 3. The fryer did not need anyone to attend to it, and the time to put in the raw ingredients could be neglected. So one could tend to the preparation of other items while the Egg Bhurji with French Fries were being prepared.
They wanted to serve the orders as early as possible after the order was given. The individual items in any order were served as and when all the items were ready, and the order was then considered closed. None of the items on the menu were prepared in advance in anticipation of future orders.
On the first day, 3 groups of customers came in and ordered at 6.00 pm, 6.10 pm, and 6.13 pm. The first order was for a plate of Egg Tortillas, two plates of French Toast, and three plates of Egg Bhurji with French Fries. The second order was for a plate of French Toast and two plates of Egg Bhurji with French Fries. The third order was for a plate of Egg Tortilla and a plate of Egg Bhurji with French Fries.
On the backdrop of the above information answer the questions given :
Question:
Assuming that the next customer's order could only be attended to when the previous customer's order was closed, at what time would the third customer's order be considered closed ?
Two friends Moloy and Niloy passed out from the Purulia Institute of Science and Technology with B.Tech degrees in Mechanical Engineering, but even after a year placement was hard to find. So they decided to take the challenge head-on, came down to Kolkata, rented a garage space on Park Street, and having an affinity towards making people enjoy good food, started their firm named 'B.Tech Bread-Omlette Wala'.
They started with three items on the menu. One was the French Toast which could be prepared in 3 minutes. The second was the Egg Tortillas which took 15 minutes to prepare. Any one of Moloy and Niloy could prepare any one of them at a time. The third was the Egg Bhurji with French Fries. This however was prepared on an automated fryer which could prepare 3 servings at a time and took 5 minutes irrespective of the number of servings equal to or below 3. The fryer did not need anyone to attend to it, and the time to put in the raw ingredients could be neglected. So one could tend to the preparation of other items while the Egg Bhurji with French Fries were being prepared.
They wanted to serve the orders as early as possible after the order was given. The individual items in any order were served as and when all the items were ready, and the order was then considered closed. None of the items on the menu were prepared in advance in anticipation of future orders.
On the first day, 3 groups of customers came in and ordered at 6.00 pm, 6.10 pm, and 6.13 pm. The first order was for a plate of Egg Tortillas, two plates of French Toast, and three plates of Egg Bhurji with French Fries. The second order was for a plate of French Toast and two plates of Egg Bhurji with French Fries. The third order was for a plate of Egg Tortilla and a plate of Egg Bhurji with French Fries.
On the backdrop of the above information answer the questions given :
Question:
Suppose Moloy and Niloy had decided to process multiple orders at the same time, however strictly prioritising a first come first serve basis, when would the second customer's order be considered closed ?
Two friends Moloy and Niloy passed out from the Purulia Institute of Science and Technology with B.Tech degrees in Mechanical Engineering, but even after a year placement was hard to find. So they decided to take the challenge head-on, came down to Kolkata, rented a garage space on Park Street, and having an affinity towards making people enjoy good food, started their firm named 'B.Tech Bread-Omlette Wala'.
They started with three items on the menu. One was the French Toast which could be prepared in 3 minutes. The second was the Egg Tortillas which took 15 minutes to prepare. Any one of Moloy and Niloy could prepare any one of them at a time. The third was the Egg Bhurji with French Fries. This however was prepared on an automated fryer which could prepare 3 servings at a time and took 5 minutes irrespective of the number of servings equal to or below 3. The fryer did not need anyone to attend to it, and the time to put in the raw ingredients could be neglected. So one could tend to the preparation of other items while the Egg Bhurji with French Fries were being prepared.
They wanted to serve the orders as early as possible after the order was given. The individual items in any order were served as and when all the items were ready, and the order was then considered closed. None of the items on the menu were prepared in advance in anticipation of future orders.
On the first day, 3 groups of customers came in and ordered at 6.00 pm, 6.10 pm, and 6.13 pm. The first order was for a plate of Egg Tortillas, two plates of French Toast, and three plates of Egg Bhurji with French Fries. The second order was for a plate of French Toast and two plates of Egg Bhurji with French Fries. The third order was for a plate of Egg Tortilla and a plate of Egg Bhurji with French Fries.
On the backdrop of the above information answer the questions given :
Question:
Suppose Moloy and Niloy had decided to process multiple orders at the same time, however strictly prioritising a first come first serve basis, when would the third customer's order be considered closed ?
Two friends Moloy and Niloy passed out from the Purulia Institute of Science and Technology with B.Tech degrees in Mechanical Engineering, but even after a year placement was hard to find. So they decided to take the challenge head-on, came down to Kolkata, rented a garage space on Park Street, and having an affinity towards making people enjoy good food, started their firm named 'B.Tech Bread-Omlette Wala'.
They started with three items on the menu. One was the French Toast which could be prepared in 3 minutes. The second was the Egg Tortillas which took 15 minutes to prepare. Any one of Moloy and Niloy could prepare any one of them at a time. The third was the Egg Bhurji with French Fries. This however was prepared on an automated fryer which could prepare 3 servings at a time and took 5 minutes irrespective of the number of servings equal to or below 3. The fryer did not need anyone to attend to it, and the time to put in the raw ingredients could be neglected. So one could tend to the preparation of other items while the Egg Bhurji with French Fries were being prepared.
They wanted to serve the orders as early as possible after the order was given. The individual items in any order were served as and when all the items were ready, and the order was then considered closed. None of the items on the menu were prepared in advance in anticipation of future orders.
On the first day, 3 groups of customers came in and ordered at 6.00 pm, 6.10 pm, and 6.13 pm. The first order was for a plate of Egg Tortillas, two plates of French Toast, and three plates of Egg Bhurji with French Fries. The second order was for a plate of French Toast and two plates of Egg Bhurji with French Fries. The third order was for a plate of Egg Tortilla and a plate of Egg Bhurji with French Fries.
On the backdrop of the above information answer the questions given :
Question:
A fourth customer comes in and orders two plates of French Toast at 6.24 pm. Suppose Moloy and Niloy had decided to process multiple orders at the same time, however strictly prioritising a first come first serve basis. For exactly how many minutes would one of the friends be idle from 6.00 pm till serving the last customer, assuming that the four customers were the only ones to have come in within the period being discussed ?
Two friends Moloy and Niloy passed out from the Purulia Institute of Science and Technology with B.Tech degrees in Mechanical Engineering, but even after a year placement was hard to find. So they decided to take the challenge head-on, came down to Kolkata, rented a garage space on Park Street, and having an affinity towards making people enjoy good food, started their firm named 'B.Tech Bread-Omlette Wala'.
They started with three items on the menu. One was the French Toast which could be prepared in 3 minutes. The second was the Egg Tortillas which took 15 minutes to prepare. Any one of Moloy and Niloy could prepare any one of them at a time. The third was the Egg Bhurji with French Fries. This however was prepared on an automated fryer which could prepare 3 servings at a time and took 5 minutes irrespective of the number of servings equal to or below 3. The fryer did not need anyone to attend to it, and the time to put in the raw ingredients could be neglected. So one could tend to the preparation of other items while the Egg Bhurji with French Fries were being prepared.
They wanted to serve the orders as early as possible after the order was given. The individual items in any order were served as and when all the items were ready, and the order was then considered closed. None of the items on the menu were prepared in advance in anticipation of future orders.
On the first day, 3 groups of customers came in and ordered at 6.00 pm, 6.10 pm, and 6.13 pm. The first order was for a plate of Egg Tortillas, two plates of French Toast, and three plates of Egg Bhurji with French Fries. The second order was for a plate of French Toast and two plates of Egg Bhurji with French Fries. The third order was for a plate of Egg Tortilla and a plate of Egg Bhurji with French Fries.
On the backdrop of the above information answer the questions given :
Question:
Had Niloy been absent on that day, and assuming that the next customer's order could only be attended to when the previous customer's order was closed, at what time would the fourth customer's order (refer to the previous question) be considered closed ?
The bar-graph given below shows the foreign exchange reserves of Nepal (in million Rupees) from 2014 to 2021. Answer the following questions based on the graph :
Question:
What was the percentage increase (rounded to the nearest integer, if deemed necessary) in the foreign exchange reserves in 2020 over 2016 ?
The Jadavpur University’s Prince Anwar Shah Road hostel consists of two large separate buildings, one for the ladies and the other for the gents, while having a common kitchen and dining hall. It is the hostel of the CS and the EEC department of engineering students of the university.
In recognition of the growing dissatisfaction and hence complaints among the inmates of the hostel regarding the menu served for dinner, the Dean of the engineering department, Dr Aparesh Sanyal, personally decided to investigate the matter. He set about collecting information about the preference of dinner among the inmates, separately from the gents and the ladies wing of the hostel.
Dr Sanyal was able to gather the following partial information :
Hostel inmates
Menu preference for dinner
Total
Egg Meal
Fish Meal
Chicken Meal
Gents
20
Ladies
64
Total
60
The Warden of the hostel was consulted, who after investigation declared that the following facts were clear :
1. Forty percent of the hostel inmates were ladies
2. One-third of the gentlemen inmates preferred an egg meal for dinner
3. Half the hostel inmates preferred either fish meal or chicken meal
Question:
What proportion of the lady hostel inmates preferred a fish meal for dinner ?
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