Read the following passage and answer the question that follows:

"Amidst the challenges of the modern world, acts of kindness continue to shine as beacons of hope. People from all walks of life are coming together to support those in need, whether through volunteering, donating resources, or simply offering a comforting word. These acts of compassion remind us that even in difficult times, the human spirit is capable of immense goodness."

What is the overall tone of this passage?

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In the annals of linguistics, the term "polysemy" stands as a testament to the intricate nature of language. It denotes the phenomenon wherein a single word encompasses multiple meanings, often divergent in their interpretations. This linguistic peculiarity is not a mere quirk, but a fundamental characteristic of language evolution.

Consider the word "bank." In its simplest form, it refers to the financial institutions where monetary transactions occur. Yet, the same word can also evoke images of a natural incline by a body of water, where one might leisurely recline. The polysemy of "bank" exemplifies the adaptability of language to encapsulate diverse concepts within a single lexical unit.

However, the realms of polysemy extend far beyond commonplace words. In the domains of science and philosophy, terms such as "wave" and "paradigm" demonstrate a kaleidoscope of meanings. A wave may denote a physical phenomenon in physics, a gesture of greeting, or a fluctuation in societal trends. Likewise, a paradigm can refer to a model in science, a framework in linguistics, or a fundamental shift in philosophical thought.

The implications of polysemy ripple through the fabric of communication, adding layers of complexity to interpretation. It challenges both native speakers and learners of a language to navigate the nuanced meanings embedded within seemingly familiar words. In essence, polysemy serves as a reminder that language is a dynamic entity, fluid in its evolution, and rich in its capacity for expression.

Question:

According to the passage, what is the significance of the term "polysemy" in linguistics?

Direction: Read the passage and answer the question

In the realm of ethics, the age-old debate surrounding moral objectivity versus relativism persists as a crucible of philosophical inquiry. The proponents of moral objectivity assert that there exist universal and immutable moral truths that are independent of human subjectivity. They posit that certain actions are inherently right or wrong, regardless of cultural context or individual perspective.

On the opposing end of the spectrum, advocates of moral relativism contend that moral principles are contingent upon cultural, societal, and individual contexts. They argue that what is considered morally acceptable or reprehensible varies across cultures and historical epochs. According to this view, morality is not an absolute, but rather a fluid construct shaped by the diversity of human experience.

The clash between these two philosophical camps is not only a theoretical conundrum but also bears profound implications for how societies legislate and enforce moral norms. A society grounded in moral objectivity may be inclined towards codifying specific moral doctrines into laws, with little room for deviation. Conversely, a society subscribing to moral relativism might exhibit a greater tolerance for diverse ethical perspectives, fostering an environment of pluralism.

Moreover, the discourse on moral objectivity versus relativism intersects with questions of cultural autonomy and human rights. Advocates of moral objectivity caution against cultural practices that may infringe upon fundamental human rights, invoking a universal moral standard as the basis for criticism. Conversely, proponents of moral relativism argue for respecting cultural autonomy and eschewing ethnocentrism in the evaluation of moral practices.

In the crucible of this debate, it is imperative to navigate the complexities with nuance and rigour. While moral objectivity provides a framework for universal principles, it must grapple with the challenge of accommodating cultural diversity. On the other hand, moral relativism necessitates vigilance against the potential for moral complacency or the endorsement of practices that may contravene human dignity.

Ultimately, the discourse on moral objectivity versus relativism underscores the profound complexities embedded within the fabric of human ethics. It calls for a dialectical engagement that transcends facile dichotomies, seeking a synthesis that honours both the universality of human dignity and the richness of cultural diversity.

Question:

According to proponents of moral objectivity, what is the basis for moral truths?

Direction: Read the passage and answer the following question

A study conducted in a coastal town revealed that the implementation of beach clean-up events led to a significant reduction in marine litter and improved water quality along the shoreline. The active participation of volunteers in cleaning efforts helped protect local ecosystems and aquatic life.

Question

Which of the following arguments most closely parallels the reasoning used in the passage?